کتاب An introduction to inter-semiotic translation اثر کوروش عاکف نشر موسسه انتشاراتی عصر ترجمه

For a better unders tanding of inter-semiotic translation, one must know the meaning of “translation”. According to Newmark (1988:7) “Translation is a craft consis ting in the attempt to replace a written message s tatement in one language by the same message or statement in another language” Newmark emphasizes that translation is a process of rendering written message, from source language to target language without adding or reducing the message. According to Catford (1974:20), “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”.